Severe Hyponatremia and hypokalemia: a potentially fatal clinical and nutrological condition in the emergency room: a case report

Electrolyte imbalances are common in clinical practice. However, if untreated they can lead to severe complications including neurologic disturbances, cardiac rhythm alterations and even death. They can be diagnosed by a detailed clinical history, a careful physical examination and serum determinations. Their etiology is broad, including renal and extra-renal losses, use of medication without medical supervision and low intake from foods. The present case describes a patient attended at the emergency room complaining of epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and weakness that resolved after electrolyte reposition

Congenital Cutaneous Hemangioma in a Newborn Lamb

Background: Hemangioma is a benign dermal or subcutaneous endothelial cell tumor composed of vascular spaces of varying sizes filled with erythrocytes and lined with a single layer of uniform endothelial cells. Although the pathogenesis is not well defined, these tumors are considered to result from an imbalance in angiogenesis, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of vascular elements. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of congenital cutaneous hemangioma in sheep. This report describes the clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings of a case of congenital hemangioma affecting a newborn lamb. Case: A 5-day-old crossbred (Dorper x Santa Inês) lamb presenting with an ear nodule that expanded in the right ear was necropsied. An expansive subcutaneous nodule was observed macroscopically; it occupied approximately 90% of the right ear and had a crusty, irregular surface. The cut surface had multiple cavitations delimited by firm fibrous tissue and a light yellow-to-translucent content. Microscopically, it showed focally extensive subcutaneous neoplastic proliferation and moderate cellularity; it was formed of vascular beds of varied sizes and supported by moderate fibrocollagenous stroma. Suppurative inflammation was observed in the neoplastic vascular beds with large amounts of free basophilic coccoid bacteria inside macrophages. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Strong cytoplasmic labeling was observed in neoplastic endothelial cells for CD31 and factor VIII. The Ki67 proliferation marker was positive in approximately 5% of neoplastic cells. The cells did not express smooth muscle actin (1A4) or pan-cytokeratin (AE1AE3). Histological characteristics and immunohistochemistry findings were consistent with those of congenital cutaneous hemangioma, a rare neoplasm in sheep. Discussion: The association of clinical, anatomopathological, and immunohistochemical data enabled the diagnosis of congenital cutaneous hemangioma in the 5-day-old lamb. Reports of vascular tumors in sheep are not frequent in literature and usually involve adult animals with no anatomical site predilection. In sheep, the occurrence of nasotracheal hemangioma in a 2-year-old ewe and gingival hemangioma in a 5-year-old sheep have already been described. A cutaneous extra-neural hemangioblastoma was diagnosed in the ear of a 1-month-old lamb. IHC was also used to confirm the diagnosis of hemangioblastoma. Macroscopically, hemangiomas can present as well-delimited and encapsulated masses that when cut, show a reticulated pattern similar to honeycombs that separate the blood-filled cavities. The present case showed a similar conformation but without enough erythrocytes to result in a bloody appearance. Tumor drainage and the predominance of blood serum in the content possibly made it macroscopically translucent. Microscopically, the hemangioma was classified as cavernous. This morphological variation forms large channels separated by fibrous connective tissue stroma, which may contain inflammatory cells. IHC confirmed the endothelial lining of the cystic cavities and was crucial in excluding differential diagnoses. Thus, factor VIII-related antigen was used as a marker for normal and neoplastic cells, as well as for tumoral and reactive neovascularization, in which neoplastic cells were immuno-expressed for CD31 and Factor VIII. In domestic animals, the association between CD31 and Factor VIII is considered more specific for vascular endothelial cells, differentiating them from cells of lymphatic origin. Congenital cutaneous hemangioma occurs in sheep, and its diagnosis and differentiation can be based on histopathology associated with conventional immunohistochemical panels for vascular neoformation. Keywords: sheep, mesenchymal neoplasm, vascular tumour, small ruminant, histopathology, immunohistochemistry

Stratification, substrate and temperature in the seed germination of red guava

The red guava (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) is a native fruit tree that has high economic and commercial potential. The main form to propagate this specie is by use of seeds, that to do necessary to study as produce quality seedlings, with rapid and uniform germination. This study aimed to analyze the effect of temperature, stratification and substrate on germination of red guava. The study was carried out at UTFPR - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná State, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial 2 x 3 x 3 (stratification x substrate x temperature), with four replications of 100 seeds. Some seeds were put to stratification during 5 days at 5°C, and other no it being to sow directly. Three substrate types, (on Germtest®, between Germtest®, and sand), three temperature conditions (20°C, 25°C and 30°C) with a photoperiod of 12 hours were tested. Sixty days after the soured, the germination percentage and the germination speed index, were evaluated. It was recommended for germination of red guava the Germtest® as substrate and environment temperature of 25°C.A goiaba vermelha (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) é uma árvore frutífera nativa que tem alto potencial econômico e comercial. A forma principal para propagar esta espécie é através do uso de sementes, que é necessário estudar como produzir mudas de qualidade, com germinação rápida e uniforme. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o efeito da temperatura, estratificação e substrato na germinação da goiaba vermelha. O estudo foi realizado na UTFPR - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brasil. O desenho experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em fatorial 2 x 3 x 3 (estratificação x substrato x temperatura), com quatro repetições de 100 sementes. Algumas sementes foram colocadas em estratificação durante 5 dias a 5 ° C, e outras não sendo para semear diretamente. Três tipos de substrato (em Germtest®, entre Germtest® e areia), foram testadas três condições de temperatura (20 ° C, 25 ° C e 30 ° C) com um fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Sessenta dias após o azedado, foram avaliadas a porcentagem de germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação. Foi recomendada a germinação da goiaba vermelha o Germtest® como substrato e temperatura ambiente de 25 ° C.O araçá vermelho (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine) é fruteira nativa que apresenta alto potencial econômico e comercial, tendo como principal forma de propagação o uso de sementes, necessitando-se de estudos que possibilitem produzir mudas de qualidade, com rápida e uniforme germinação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o efeito da temperatura, estratificação e substrato no comportamento germinativo das sementes de araçá-vermelho. O estudo foi realizado na UTFPR – Campus Dois Vizinhos. O delineamento experimental usado foi inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 2 x 3 x 3 (estratificação x substrato x temperatura), com 4 repetições de 100 sementes. Parte das sementes foram submetidas a estratificação por 5 dias em temperatura de 5ºC, não ocorrendo o mesmo para o outro lote. Foram testados 3 tipos de substrato, sendo estes, sobre papel Germtest®, entre papel Germtest® e em areia, mantendo-se as sementes em três condições de temperaturas (20ºC, 25ºC e 30ºC), com fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Após 60 dias da implantação do experimento avaliaram-se o percentual de sementes germinadas e o índice de velocidade de germinação. Recomendou-se para germinação de sementes de araçazeiro vermelho o uso de papel Germtest® como substrato e ambiente com temperatura de 25ºC

PERDA DO TEOR DE ÁGUA NA VIABILIDADE DAS SEMENTES DE UVAIEIRA SOB ARMAZENAMENTO

O trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a perda do teor de água e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de uvaieira sob armazenamento em diferentes condições. Para ambos os experimentos utilizaram-se sementes de frutos de uvaieira maturos. No experimento 1, as sementes foram submetidas a secagem em copos plásticos a 25°C durante os períodos de 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108 e 120 horas. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualisado, com 4 repetições de 100 sementes cada. No experimento 2, as sementes foram separadas em dois lotes de armazenamento (temperatura ambiente e temperatura controlada a 5°C), permanecendo nestas condições durante 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (condição de armazenamento x dias de armazenamento), com quatro repetições, sendo a unidade experimental constituída por 100 sementes. As sementes de uvaieira podem ser armazenadas por até 15 dias em temperatura controlada (refrigerador 5°C), sem que ocorra perda no percentual de germinação. O teor de água influencia diretamente na capacidade germinativa destas sementes

Análise Crítica e Aplicação de Melhorias a partir dos Conceitos da Organização, Sistema e Métodos (OS&M)

Este estudo analisa de forma crítica, e do ponto de vista da Organização, Sistemas e Métodos (OS&M), o funcionamento e as rotinas de trabalho da Coordenação de Transportes do CEFET-PB, focando os processos desenvolvidos, o layout do ambiente laboral, o fluxo de informações, a estrutura organizacional (formal e informal) e a relação interna e externa (com os demais setores da instituição). Diante dos resultados das análises, sugere-se, a implantação do Programa 5S, visando à melhoria do arranjo físico do local de trabalho e uma maior disposição psicológica ao trabalho em equipe, o que proporcionará mudanças na cultura e na estrutura organizacional do setor, facilitando os processos de funcionamento, promovendo consideráveis melhorias também em outras coordenações que dependem da sua eficiênci

Synergism and negative interference during co-infection of tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana with two bipartite begomoviruses

In Brazil, at least eight begomoviruses including Tomato rugose mosaic virus (ToRMV) and Tomato yellow spot virus (ToYSV) infect tomatoes. ToYSV symptoms in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana appear earlier and are more severe compared to those of ToRMV. We investigated the role of several factors in this differential adaptation. To analyze infection kinetics, a single leaf was inoculated and subsequently detached after different periods of time. Viral DNA accumulation was quantified in plants, viral replication was analyzed in protoplasts, and tissue tropism was determined by in situ hybridization. Results indicate that ToYSV establishes a systemic infection and reaches a higher concentration earlier than ToRMV in both hosts. ToRMV negatively interferes with ToYSV during the initial stages of infection, but once systemic infection is established this interference ceases. In N. benthamiana, ToYSV invades the mesophyll, while ToRMV is phloem-restricted. During dual infection in this host, ToYSV releases ToRMV from the phloem

Encephalic Toxoplasm in a White-Eared Possum (Didelphis albiventris)

Background: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan that belongs to the Aplicomplexa phylum, coccidian subclass, and affects all warm-blooded animals. The role of opossums in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Brazil is not fully understood, and there are very few descriptions of toxoplasmosis lesions in these animals. This report describes the anatomopathological, molecular and immunohistochemical findings of a case of encephalic toxoplasmosis in free-living white-eared possum (Didelphis albiventris).Case: A young male opossum (D. albiventris), was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of Wild Animals of the University of Brasília, Federal District. The animal was apathetic, uncoordinated, reluctant to move, and had an exposed proximal fracture in the left radius and ulna with laceration of muscles and adjacent tendinous structures. Amputation on the left thoracic limb was performed followed by analgesia and antibiotic therapy. The environment is frequented by other wild animals, and stray cats have access to the patio of the building. Twenty-five days after arriving at the hospital, the animal was found dead in its cage. After death, a necropsy was performed. Organ fragments from the abdominal cavity, thoracic and central nervous system were collected, processed routinely for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Macroscopic lesions in the central nervous system were not observed. On microscopy, the brain showed moderate random glial nodules throughout the neuropil associated with the presence of spherical to elongated parasitic cysts of about 20 µm, with a thin wall and with its interior full of bradyzoites, consistent with Toxoplasma gondii. There was also moderate fibrinoid necrosis and moderate multifocal lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate surrounding the blood vessels (perivascular cuffs) To investigate the etiology of the brain injury, brain sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique for detection of T. gondii and Neospora caninum. Immunostaining for T. gondii in the cyst wall and in bradyzoites and negative immunostaining for N. caninum. qPCR was positive for T. gondii and negative for N. caninum.Discussion: Diagnosis of encephalic toxoplasmosis in a Didelphis albiventris was possible based on histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular findings. The morphological classification of the brain lesion was important for the diagnosis. Brain toxoplasmosis in opossums usually results in focal areas of malacia on macroscopy and focally extensive necrosis on microscopy, neutrophil infiltrate, calcified necrotic material, and perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes and plasma cells. In the present case, similar histopathological lesions were noted, but no significant macroscopic changes were observed. The etiology here was defined by immunohistochemistry and qPCR, techniques proven to be useful and with good specificity for diagnosing toxoplasmosis in mammals. It is believed that the positive immunohistochemical and molecular result for Toxoplasma gondii together with the negative result for Neospora caninum were conclusive for the diagnosis. Thus, we demonstrate here a post mortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in a free-living synanthropic opossum and the use of anatomopathology, immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic option for this disease in opossums. Keywords: Toxoplasma gondii, marsupial, immunohistochemistry, Real time PCR, protozoal encephalitis.Título: Toxoplasmose encefálica em um gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris)Descritores: Toxoplasma gondii, marsupial, imuno-histoquímica, Real time PCR, encefalite protozoal

Inequality of gender, age and disabilities due to leprosy and trends in a hyperendemic metropolis: Evidence from an eleven-year time series study in Midwest of Brazil

In the 2019 report, Brazil had a detection rate of 13.23 per 100.000 inhabitants far from the goal of less than 1 leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) case per 10,000 inhabitants describe by the World Health Organization. The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiological situation of leprosy and its trend between 2008 and 2018 in a hyperendemic metropolis in the Central-West region of Brazil. A total of 9.739 leprosy cases were reported between 2008 and 2018. The majority of cases were male (58.37%), with a predominant age of 15 to 59 years (87.55%). The predominant level of education was incomplete elementary school (43.96%). The disability grade at diagnosis showed that 40.19% had G0D and for the G2D was 8.06%.There was a predominance in operational classification of multibacillary cases (72.85%). While detection rate trends in females and the majority of the age groups are decreasing, increases are seen in the detection of male patients and patients already suffering from disabilities. Although declining trends were presented, the metropolis is still not close to elimination showing the need prioritize leprosy actions and to improve care for this disease

Encephalitozoonosis in Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: Encephalitozoonosis is caused by the protozoan Encephalitozoon cuniculi, in rabbits, and can affect humans. The disease can be fatal and difficult to diagnose. It can be asymptomatic or cause vestibular neurological disease, paralysis, uveitis in addition to chronic kidney disease in rabbits. The transmission of the microorganism's spores occurs by ingestion, inhalation, or by the transplacental route. The aim of this work is to report a case of encephalitozoonosis in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).Case: An Oryctolagus cuniculus with a history of paraparesis of the thoracic and pelvic limbs was referred for necropsy, the evolution of the clinical picture happened in one day. After death, a necropsy was performed. Organ fragments were collected, fixed, and processed routinely for histology. Macroscopically, there was evidence of hepatic lobes, without injury to the other organs. Microscopically it was observed in the white and gray substance of the telencephalon multiple circumscribed granulomas composed of a necrotic center surrounded by macrophages, giant multinucleated cells in addition to lymphocytes and plasmocytes in the periphery, delimited by fibrous connective tissue. Around the vessels, perivascular cuffs with two to four layers of lymphocytic infiltrate were observed. Besides, special staining of Schiff's Periodic Acid (PAS) and Ziehl-Neelsen was performed, in which numerous cylindrical, eosinophilic structures of approximately 2.5 x 1.0 µm were observed, compatible with E. cuniculi spores. Besides, histiocytic lymphoblasts pericoronitis was noted in the liver. There were no relevant changes in the kidney.Discussion: The diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits was based on clinical and anatomopathological findings. Tetraparesis was the predominant sign in the present case and was justified by telencephalic lesions. This clinical sign is included in the literature but is less common than the syndrome such as head tilt and paralysis. The diagnosis of the disease is usually made by post-mortem examination when it is possible to identify the spores in the lesions. Multifocal granulomatous encephalitis was the most significant finding in this case, which is also consistent with other studies. The pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions is still controversial. It is known that spores allow phagocytosis by macrophages, which induce the production of interleukins and other cytokines by TCD4 + lymphocytes, thereby activating the action of TCD8 + (cytotoxic) lymphocytes. Natural killer cells, granulocytes, other macrophages, and B lymphocytes are also recruited. Although there is such an inflammatory response, the antibodies produced are not efficient to eliminate the agent from the host organism, however, they contribute to the process of opsonization and consequent phagocytosis, facilitating the destruction of the microsporidium by macrophages. The neurological form was predominant in this case, with no chronic or ocular renal forms, possibly due to the rapid clinical evolution. Special stains were useful for visualizing intralesional spores. Although PAS staining is considered to be of little use, it was relevant in this case. The visualization of the agent made it possible to distinguish differential diagnoses, among them vestibular syndrome secondary to otitis due to pasteurellosis, toxoplasmosis, neoplasms, traumas, or diseases of the spine. Thus, a diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis was made in a rabbit through clinical and anatomopathological correlation using Ziehl-Neelsen and PAS stains.Keywords: granuloma, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, central nervous system.Descritores: granuloma, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, sistema nervoso central.Título: Encefalitozoonose em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus)